"What is this you have been about to
day?"
The New Jersey Brigade at the Battle of
Monmouth
John U. Rees
© 2003
ENDNOTES
1. John U. Rees, “’They answered him with three cheers ...’: New Jersey Brigade Losses in the Monmouth Campaign, 17 June to 6 July 1778,” Resource Library, RevWar’75, World Wide Web, online.
2. Lloyd A. Brown and Howard H. Peckham, eds., Revolutionary War Journals of Henry Dearborn, 1775-1783 (Chicago: The Caxton Club, 1939; reprinted Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, Inc., 1994), 123-126 (hereafter cited as Brown and Peckham, Revolutionary War Journals of Henry Dearborn). Washington to the President of Congress, 1 July 1778, John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745-1799, vol. 12 (Washington, D.C., 1934), 139 (hereafter cited as Fitzpatrick, WGW).
3. Revolutionary war diary (anonymous New Jersey soldier), Fellows Papers, box 2, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Rush Rhees Library, University of Rochester (Attributed by the author of this monograph to Jonathan Forman, 4thNew Jersey, based on diary details and context). "Proceedings of a General Court Martial ... for the Trial of Major General Lee. July 4th, 1778 ...," The Lee Papers, vol. III, 1778-1782, Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1873 (New York, 1874), Matthias Ogden testimony, 63-67 (hereafter cited as Lee Court Martial Proceedings). Sylvanus Seely Diary (colonel, Morris County militia), original in Morristown National Historic Park Collection, World Wide Web, transcription, online (hereafter cited as Sylvanus Seely Diary, Morristown NHP).
4. Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of: Anthony Wayne, 4; William Maxwell, 89-94. John U. Rees,"`The new Leveys are coming in dayly ...': The Nine Month Draft in the Second New Jersey Regiment and Maxwell's New Jersey Brigade,” contained in "I Expect to be stationed in Jersey sometime...": An Account of the Services of the Second New Jersey Regiment: Part I, December 1777 to June 1778 (1994, unpublished, copy held in the collections of the David Library of the American Revolution, Washington Crossing, Pa.).
5. Bernardus Swartout Diary (2nd New York Regiment), 10 November 1777-9 June 1783, Bernardus Swartout Papers, New-York Historical Society, 4 (hereafter cited as Bernardus Swartout Diary, New-York Historical Society). Lee Court Martial Proceedings, Lt. Col. Brooks testimony, 143-156.
6. Ibid., testimony of: William Maxwell, 89-94; Matthias Ogden, 63-67; Charles Scott, 27-28.
7. Ibid., testimony of Captain Mercer, 102-114.
8. Ibid., testimony of Lt. Col. Olney, 126.
9. Ibid., testimony of: Charles Scott, 27-28; Lt. Col. Brooks, 143-156.
10. Ibid., testimony of William Maxwell, 89-94.
11. Ibid., testimony of Lt. Col. Brooks, 143-156. Regarding artillery attached to the New Jersey troops Caleb Fulkerson, 1st New Jersey Regiment fifer, stated that at Monmouth "the Brigade to which... [he] was attached was held as a reserve ... excepting their Artillery which was engaged." Drummer Joseph Lummis, Captain Thomas Randall’s Company, Colonel Lamb’s 2nd Continental Artilllery, stated that his company of artillery "took winter quarters at Valley forge and in the Spring of 1778 was detatched to the New Jersey troops under the Command of General Maxfield [and was with him at the battle of Monmouth] served in the Jersey line the Campaign of 1778 and took Winter quarters at Elizabeth town, and in the Spring 1779 the Company was sent to Eastown with the pieces taken at Saratoga where they remained until General Sullivan returned from after the Indians ..." In a deposition supplementing Lummis’s pension application, Major Joseph Bloomfield, 3rd New Jersey, noted, "In 1776 two Companies of Artillery were raised in New Jersey for one Year & afterwards the Officers Commissioned for the War. the Company in West Jersey, was Commanded by Hugg-Westcoat & Dayton [Captain John Westcott was captain, 2nd Lieutenant Joseph Dayton; Samuel Hugg had commanded the company up to June 1777] - and arranged as one of the Companys of Lambs [2nd Continental] Artillery & in 1778 Attached to the Jersey Brigade with two field Pieces ..." Index of Revolutionary War Pension Applications in the National Archives (Washington, D.C., 1976). the actual applications themselves and related materials may be found in National Archives Microfilm Publication M804 (2,670 reels), depositions of Caleb Fulkerson (W17935) and Joseph Lummis (S41784), a drummer in the company of Captain "Randal" of Lambs 2nd Continental Artillery); Joseph Bloomfield’s deposition is in Lummis’s file (hereafter cited as Revolutionary War Pension Applications, Natl. Archives).
12. Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of: Captain Mercer, 102-114; Charles Lee, 174-189; Lt. Col. Brooks, 143-156. Alexander Hamilton to Elias Boudinot, 5 July 1778, Harold C. Syrett, ed., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. I (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1961), 513 (hereafter cited as Syrett, The Papers of Alexander Hamilton).
13. John Laurens to Henry Laurens, 30 June 1778, The Lee Papers, vol. II, 1776-1778, Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1872 (New York, 1873), 431 (hereafter cited as Lee Papers, vol. II, Collections of the New-York Historical Society).
14. John Laurens to Henry Laurens, 2 July 1778, ibid., 434.
15. John Laurens to Henry Laurens, 30 June 1778, ibid., 431-434.
16. Anthony Wayne to his wife, 1 July 1778, Lee Papers, vol. II, Collections of the New-York Historical Society, 448-449.
17. Bernardus Swartout Diary, New-York Historical Society, 4-6. Ira D. Gruber, ed., John Peebles’ American War: The Diary of a Scottish Grenadier, 1776-1782 (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1998), 193-194 (hereafter cited as Gruber, John Peebles’ American War). William Hale letter, 4 July 1778, Walter Harold Wilkin, Some British Soldiers in America (London, Hugh Rees, Ltd., 1914), 257-258 (hereafter cited as Wilkin, British Soldiers in America).
18. Major General Charles Lee’s staff consisted of Lt. Col. John Brooks, acting Adjutant-General; Captain John Francis Mercer (3rd VA), Aide-de-Camp (apptd. 8 June 78); Captain Evan Edwards (Hartley’s Additional), Aide-de-Camp. Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of: Captain Mercer, 110; Lt. Colonel Brooks, 150-151; Captain Edwards, 167-168. Anthony Wayne and Charles Scott to George Washington, 30 June 1778, Lee Papers, vol. II, Collections of the New-York Historical Society, 440.
Disputing Lee’s Retreat. There was a great deal of disagreement as to how and why the withdrawal of Lee's advance force began. Brigadier General Charles Scott stated that "before I had got far enough to wheel up my detachment, I found the whole of the troops upon my right retreating ..." William Maxwell, New Jersey brigade commander, was himself uncertain as to whether the troops on the right were in fact retreating or merely "moving to the right to prevent the enemy's getting round them" and began his withdrawal on Scott's advice. In opposition to Charles Scott's assertion Captain John Mercer and Lt. Colonel John Brooks, of Lee’s staff, agreed that "the retreat began on the left," an opinion held by Lee himself. During a period of questioning at his court martial Major General Lee then asked Lt. Col. Brooks if he thought that "that spot [on the left] was evacuated before the troops on the right made any retrograde manoeuvre," to which Brooks answered, "When I saw Maxwell's brigade forming a disposition to retire, it was the first time that I had any thoughts of the troops leaving the ground. From what I observed, the retreat began on the left ..." At the same time Brooks did not see any other troops in motion, and stated that at the time "The cannonade was still continued. The troops on the right might have begun their retreat, but I did not observe it." This last statement was followed by the claim that he "could have observed them [the troops on the right] had they begun their retreat ..." (Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of: Charles Scott, 27-28; William Maxwell, 89-94; Charles Lee, 174-189; Lt. Col. Brooks, 143-156; Captain Mercer, 102-114.)
Lt. Col. Brooks Observations of Scott’s Detachment and Maxwell’s Brigade. John Brook’s testimony: On the morning of 28 June “When I came to the rear of the left of Scott's detachment, I perceived a very great interval between that and the front of Maxwell's brigade, which at this time were halted in the wood. Upon General Maxwell's seeing me, he asked me if I had any orders from General Lee. I told him I had not, but I wanted to know of him why he had made that halt. He said it was thought [un]adviseable for him to come out of the wood, as his men were under cover and out of the reach of the enemy's cannon. General Scott came up about this time, and observed that our troops were going off the field towards the Court-house. Upon General Scott's mentioning this, and asking me whether it was the case, I told him I knew nothing of it if it was so. Upon this I left that ground and rode towards the causeway, just in the rear of which I observed Colonel Oswald with some artillery; during this time all the columns, except Maxwell's brigade, were marching to the right. After having seen several battalions pass the ravine, I returned to the point of woods where General Maxwell was, and found General Scott and General Maxwell standing together. General Maxwell again asked me if I had any orders; I told him I had not. General Scott says to me, the army is retreating. Upon which I addressed myself to General Maxwell, and begged leave to suggest to him, that if that was the case, I thought the point of woods a little in his front was a very advantageous situation for him to post his brigade to cover the retreat. General Scott, who stood by, replied, that no time was to be lost, and in terms that rather more than implied advice, insisted that Maxwell's brigade should go to the rightabout, and march off the ground, which, by General Maxwell's order, accordingly was done.” (When Colonel Matthias Ogden, 1st New Jersey, was later asked who gave "the order ... to go to the right-about" when the withdrawal from the Courthouse began, he replied, "I do not know. It came to me from Colonel [Elias] Dayton [3rd New Jersey].") “As soon as this was done, I rode to the point of woods where I advised Maxwell's brigade to be posted, and observed the most of our troops who filed to the right had passed the ravine, and that the enemy were advancing. Upon observing the enemy and our troops about eight or ten minutes, I returned to the ground where the head of Maxwell's brigade had stood, but finding no troops in sight, I rode towards the ravine to find General Lee; but finding the enemy were pushing that way, thought best to return, came round the ravine, partly in the route that General Maxwell had took, and found General Lee about a quarter of a mile on this side of the Court-house, coming off the ground with a number of columns of his troops ... The troops, in a very easy, moderate and regular way, continued their march until they had passed the ravine in front of Carr's house, where they were ordered to halt. After tarrying on that ground about one half an hour, I observed some of the battalions marching off the ground ... [which I found was done] by General Lee's and the Marquis de la Fayette's order ... I tarried on that ground till the whole of our troops had left it. After which I rode to the height upon which the principal action afterwards took place [Perrine Ridge] ..." (Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of: Lt. Col. Brooks, 143-156; Matthias Ogden, 65-67.)
19. Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of William Maxwell, 89-94.
20. Ibid., testimony of Lt. Col. Oswald, 134-138; Brigadier-General Knox, 157.
21. Ibid., testimony of Matthias Ogden, 63-67.
22. Alexander Hamilton to Elias Boudinot, 5 July 1778, Syrett, The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 512.
23. Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of: Lt. Col. Harrison, 72; Lt. Col. Tilghman, 79-80.
24. Ibid., testimony of Lt. Col. Harrison, 71-73.
25. Ibid., testimony of Lt. Col. Fitzgerald, 67-69.
26. Ibid., testimony of Colonel Tilghman, 79-82. There is an unconfirmed story about Major Howell’s presence on the battlefield that day. According a brief biography Howell’s twin brother Lewis, surgeon in the same regiment, “was lying at the point of death at the Black Horse Tavern, between Trenton and Bordentown, and Major Howell received intelligence that unless he came that day [June 28th] he would not see him alive.” Having received permission to go, the officer appointed to take his place commented, “Howell was very willing to get leave of absence, for he well knew there would be hot work that day.” The major took umbrage at the remark, and remained with the army. His brother died the same day. General Washington, hearing of the incident, “rebuked him gently,” saying, “Howell, I admire your bravery, but it was your duty to go to your brother.” Daniel Agnew, "A Biographical Sketch of Governor Richard Howell, of New Jersey," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 22 (1898), 225.
27. John Ackerman pension deposition (S16028), Revolutionary War Pension Applications, Natl. Archives.
28. Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of Lt. Col. Brooks, 147-148.
29. Marshall and Scott’s accounts, George F. Scheer and Hugh F. Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats (Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Co., 1957), 330-331; source cited for Charles Scott quote, George W.P. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington (New York, 1860), 413-414. Christopher Ward, The War of the Revolution (New York, N.Y., 1952), 580-581; a dated but usually reliable history, Ward cites William S. Stryker’s Battle of Monmouth (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1927) as his primary source. James Jordan pension deposition (W8225), Revolutionary War Pension Applications, Natl. Archives. Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of: Dr. McHenry, 78; Lt. Col. Tilghman, 80-81. Two men told of seeing major General Lee at Englishtown later that day. Dr. James McHenry testified, “I saw General Lee again at English-Town, when I was ordered to go and send the baggage forward, in case the day should prove unlucky. The General was on horseback, observing to a number of gentlemen who were standing round, that it was mere folly or madness, or words that conveyed to me a meaning of that kind, to make attempts against the enemy where they possessed so great a superiority in cavalry, and that, under such circumstances, we could not be successful.” Dr. William Read stated that before he joined the army on Perrine Ridge that afternoon he “saw Gen. Lee standing at a tavern window with the landlady, and heard him call aloud to an officer riding by, and was told that the General asked, ‘what news?’ The officer replied: ‘They are fighting on the plains of Monmouth, and the British grenadiers have given way;’ when Gen. Lee replied. ‘That is a d----d lie, the British grenadiers never give way. Was an angel to come from Heaven and tell him so, he would say he was a liar.’ This was certainly said, as it came out in testimony on Lee’s trial.” Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of Dr. McHenry, 78-79; “Reminiscences of Dr. William Read, Arranged From His Notes and Papers,” R.W. Gibbes, M.D., Documentary History of the American Revolution: Consisting of Letters and Papers Relating to the Contest for Liberty, Chiefly in South Carolina, From Originals in the Possession of the Editor, and Other Sources. 1776-1782 (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1857), 255 (hereafter cited as “Reminiscences of Dr. William Read,” Gibbes, Documentary History of the American Revolution). (Courtesy of Joseph Lee Boyle and Garry Stone.)
30. Bernardus Swartout Diary, New-York Historical Society, 4-6.
31. Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of Lt. Col. Tilghman, 79-82.
32. Ibid., testimony of: Aaron Ogden, 94; Captain Mercer, 102-114; Charles Lee, 174-189.
33. Anthony Wayne to his wife, 1 July 1778, Lee Papers, Collections of the New-York Historical Society, 448-449.
34. Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of Charles Lee, 188-189.
35. John Laurens to Henry Laurens, 30 June 1778, Lee Papers, vol. II, Collections of the New-York Historical Society, 431-434. Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of: Lt. Col. Oswald, 136, 139; Capt. Cumpiton, 142 (John Cumpston, captain-lieutenant, 3rd Continental Artillery); Brigadier-General Knox, 157-158; Capt. Stewart, 160 (Thomas Seward, captain, 3rd Continental Artillery).
36. John Laurens to Henry Laurens, 30 June 1778, Lee Papers, vol. II, Collections of the New-York Historical Society, 431-434.
37. William Hale letter, 14 July 1778, Wilkin, Some British Soldiers in America, 258-260.
38. Gruber, John Peebles’ American War, 193-194.
39. William Stryker, ed., "Extracts from American Newspapers, vol. II. 1778," Documents Relating to the Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey, Second Series (Trenton, NJ: 1903), 116-117 (hereafter cited as Stryker, "Extracts from American Newspapers, vol. II. 1778," New Jersey Documents).
40. William Hale letter, 14 July 1778, Wilkin, British Soldiers in America, 262-263.
41. John Laurens to Henry Laurens, 30 June 1778; Anthony Wayne to his wife, 1 July 1778, Lee Papers, vol. II, Collections of the New-York Historical Society, 431-434, 448-449.
42. Alexander Dow to the President of Congress, 23 May 1781, The Papers of the Continental Congress 1774-1789, National Archives Microfilm Publications M247 (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1958), reel 94, 387. See also, John U. Rees, “Eyewitness to Battle: Alexander Dow's Account of a 1777 Skirmish and the 1778 Battle of Monmouth,” The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXIX, no. 1 (Spring 1999), 15-16; World Wide Web, online.
43. Garry Stone to John Rees, phone message, 1 June 2002; written clarification posted to author 3 June 2002.
44. John Laurens to Henry Laurens, 30 June 1778, Lee Papers, vol. II, Collections of the New-York Historical Society, 431.
45. Brown and Peckham, Revolutionary War Journals of Henry Dearborn, 126-127.
46. David Cooper pension deposition (S16028), Revolutionary War Pension Applications, Natl. Archives. "Journal of Ebenezer Wild," Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 2nd series, vol. VI (Boston, Ma., 1891), 108-111 (hereafter cited as "Journal of Ebenezer Wild," PMHS).
47. Brown and Peckham, Revolutionary War Journals of Henry Dearborn, 127.
48. “Reminiscences of Dr. William Read,” Gibbes, Documentary History of the American Revolution, 255-258.
49. Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of Major General de Steuben, 96-97. Alexander Hamilton to Elias Boudinot, 5 July 1778, Syrett, The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 513. Israel Shreve to his wife, Mary (Polly), from Englishtown, 29 June 1778, Israel Shreve Papers, Buxton Collection, Louisiana Tech Univ., Ruston, La. Henry Knox to his brother, 3 July 1778, Henry Knox Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, reel 4, vol. 4, item 117 (hereafter cited as Henry Knox letter, 3 July 1778, Knox Papers, Mass. Hist. Society).
50. Brown and Peckham, Revolutionary War Journals of Henry Dearborn, 127. For an excellent account of Cilley’s fight at the orchard see, Garry Wheeler Stone, Daniel M. Sivilich, Mark Edward Lender, “A Deadly Minuet: The Advance of the New England ‘Picked Men’ Against the Royal Highlanders at the Battle of Monmouth, 28 June 1778,” The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXVI, no. 2 (Summer 1996), 2-18.
51. Major General William Alexander, Lord Stirling, to William H. Drayton, South Carolina Congressman, from “Camp Whiteplains August 15th: 1778,” “Letters of William Alexander, Lord Stirling,” Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, vol, 60, no. 3 (July 1942), 173-174.
52. Henry Knox letter, 3 July 1778, Knox Papers, Mass. Hist. Society.
53. Alexander Hamilton to Elias Boudinot, 5 July 1778, Syrett, The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 513.
54. Sylvanus Seely Diary, Morristown NHP (World Wide Web transcription, online. "Journal of Ebenezer Wild," Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 2nd series, vol. VI (Boston, Ma., 1891), 108-111 (hereafter cited as "Journal of Ebenezer Wild," PMHS).
55. "Samuel Adams's Private Miscellaneous Diary Ann: Dom: 1778. Kept partly in the Town of Dorchester and partly in his Excellency General Washington's Camp at Valley Forge, White Plains, Fredericksburgh, &c ...," Samuel Adams Diaries, Manuscript Division, New York Public Library (hereafter cited as Samuel Adams Diary, New York Public Library).
56. Washington to William Livingston; to John Augustine Washington, 4 July 1778, Fitzpatrick, WGW, vol. 12 (1934), 156-158, 158-159. “Return of Killed, Wounded, & Missing on the Heights of Monmouth, 28th, June, 1778,” Stephen Kemble, Journals of Lieut.-Col. Stephen Kemble, 1773-1789; and British Army Orders: Gen. Sir William Howe, 1775-1778; Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, 1778; and Gen. Daniel Jones, 1778, Prepared by the New York Historical Society (Boston: Gregg Press, 1972), 154 (hereafter cited as Kemble, Journals).
57. 28 June 1778, Andrew Bell diary, Bell Mss, WG45, New Jersey Historical Society, Newark. (A copy of a Journal found among the Papers of Andrew Bell dec. at one time confidential Secretary to Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, in his own handwriting with no other writing or memorandum attached~ Perth Amboy 24 July 1843 S.V.R. Paterson. An edited version of this diary appeared in the Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society (September 1851), 15-19) (hereafter cited as Andrew Bell diary, New Jersey Historical Society). “Return of the killed, wounded and missing of the American Army in the Battle of Monmouth on the 28:th day of June 1778” (enclosure), Washington to President of Congress (enclosure), The Papers of the Continental Congress 1774-1789, National Archives Microfilm Publications M247 (Washington, DC, 1958), reel 168, p. 160.
58. Samuel Adams Diary, New York Public Library. "Personal Narrative of the Services of Lieut. John Shreve of the New Jersey Line of the Continental Army", Magazine of American History, vol. 3, part 2 (1879), 569-570.
59. General orders, 29 June 1778, Fitzpatrick, WGW, vol. 12 (1933), 130-131.
60. Pension depositions of: Samuel Leonard (S554); William Todd (W6295), Revolutionary War Pension Applications, Natl. Archives.
61. General orders, 29 June 1778, Fitzpatrick, WGW, vol. 12 (1933), 130-131. Cornelius Van Dyck, “A Report of the No.slain buried in the Field of Battle near Monmouth Court Ho. 29th. June 1778,” George Washington Papers, Presidential Papers Microfilm (Washington, DC, 1961), series 4, reel 50
Officers identified as leading the burial parties:
Charles Graham (2nd New York) or John Graham (1st New York), captain
Robert Kirkwood, captain, Delaware Regiment
Ebenezer Frye (1st New Hampshire) or Isaac Frye (3rd New Hampshire), captain
James Beebe, captain 2nd Connecticut
Jacob Bartholomew Van Valkenburgh, 1st lieutenant, 1st New York
James Bruff, 1st lieutenant, 6thMaryland
Enos Reeves, 1st lieutenant, 11thPennsylvania
John Colgate, 2nd lieutenant, 4thMaryland62. Nathaniel Lyon pension deposition (W9510), Revolutionary War Pension Applications, Natl. Archives.
63. “Reminiscences of Dr. William Read,” Gibbes, Documentary History of the American Revolution, 255-258. Possibly the same William Read who served as hospital physician and surgeon in the southern department from 22 March 1780 until the war’s end.
64. Stryker, "Extracts from American Newspapers, vol. II. 1778," New Jersey Documents, 307. William Hale letter, 14 July 1778, Wilkin, Some British Soldiers in America, 264.
65. "Diary of Joseph Clark, Attached to the Continental Army," May 1777 to November 1778, Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, vol. 7 (1854), 93-110.
66. William Van Horne to Joseph Hart, 13 July 1778, Revolutionary War Letters of the Reverend William Van Horne, Spruance Library, Bucks County Historical Society, Doylestown, Pa.
67. Gruber, John Peebles’ American War, 194-196.
68. Ibid., 196. William Hale letter, 14 July 1778, Wilkin, Some British Soldiers in America, 264. Kemble, Journals, 154.
69. Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of Colonel Tilghman, 79-82. Mark E. Lender and James Kirby Martin, eds., Citizen Soldier - The Revolutionary War Journal of Joseph Bloomfield (Newark: New Jersey Historical Society, 1982), 137. Alexander Hamilton to Elias Boudinot, 5 July 1778, Syrett, The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 513-514.
70. Stryker, "Extracts from American Newspapers, vol. II. 1778," New Jersey Documents, 277-278, 295-296.
71. Charles Lee to Robert Morris, 3 July 1778, Lee Papers, Collections of the New-York Historical Society, 457-458.
72. Lee Court Martial Proceedings, testimony of: Charles Lee, 174-189; Capt. Mercer, 119.
73. Ibid., courtmartial verdict, 12 August 1778, 208. Thomas Hughes, A Journal by Thos: Hughes, For his Amusement, & Designed only for his Perusal by the time he attains the Age of 50 if he lives so long. (1778-1789) (Cambridge, At the University Press, 1947), 60-61.
74. Stryker, "Extracts from American Newspapers, vol. II. 1778," New Jersey Documents, 277-278. For further insight into Charles Lee’s character, ideas, and performance see, John Shy, “American Strategy: Charles Lee and the Radical Alternative,” A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence (London, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 133-162, 201; and Mercy Otis Warren, History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution, interspersed with Biographical, Political and Moral Observations (two volumes), vol. I (reprint of the 1805 edition; Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1988), 269-271. My thanks to Thaddeus Weaver for bringing these last two works to my attention.